Issues in Scottish Curriculum Design Essay Example for Free

Issues in Scottish Curriculum Design EssayThe way that any curricula is broken up into is two main ways one creation the platform in action, where the aims, content and experiences of the curriculum on paper be implemented in practice. The former(a) is the curriculum on paper which is the ideology of what should be implemented in education across the board. The ideology in curriculum do-nothing be pick up into four main categories. Most papers on this topic, agree to an extent what the four ideologies constitute of, exactly Schiros (2008) ideologies argon the most ordinarily known. The Scholar Academic, the Social Efficiency, the Learner Centred and the Social Reconstruction ideologies are the four main categories explained in the Curriculum Theory that will be discussed in this paper in relation to The Curriculum for Excellence, the current curriculum in Scotland. The oldest of the four ideologies is the Scholar Academic ideology which focuses on the accumulation of cogn ition and belowstanding.The aim of this ideology is to pass on the knowledge of certain disciplines (subject areas), to each(prenominal)ow there to be future scholars in that particular area and therefore, further wear out understanding. The academic disciplines are the result of the cultures compiled knowledge and understanding of each area, and with this in mind, the purpose of education is to assist pupils to learn this knowledge. The next ideology is Social Efficiency. This is pretty plethoric in our curriculum today and means to prepare the learner for becoming an efficient and contri merelying member in society. The learners objective is to learn certain skills that will in turn pass on certain objectives that benefit society (Lorrie A. 2000). The respective(prenominal) will learn a mixture of knowledge and skills that can be put together, therefore making the skills more efficient and more beneficial to society. The learner centred ideology focuses more on the needs an d interests of the individual rather than the content they are to learn.The idea behind this theory is that learning will take place due to the interactions between the individual and their environment, therefore being more down to the experiences rather than the content. The newest of these ideologies is Social Reconstruction. This is where the social reconstructionists are aware of the problems in society and see the job of the educator to arrange these problems in the classroom, hoping that it will reconstruct their society as it is (Groenke, S. 2009). The focus of the curriculum would not be based on knowledge but more of set and opinions that would benefit the society and bring out it attain the greatest satisfaction of its members. In mental synthesis the Curriculum 3 A framework for learning and teaching it has examples of all four of the classifications of the curriculum ideology provided by Schiro (2008).It has examples of Academic ideology as it discusses the importanc e of knowledge and the ability and fortune to increase the depth of knowledge already acquired as it states Throughout a young persons learning there will be increasing specialisation and greater depth, which will principal sum to subjects increasingly being the principal means of structuring learning and delivering gists. (page 20, Building the Curriculum 3). From this quote we can relate the academic ideology through the concentration on developing knowledge further to specialisation in certain subjects, therefore being able to pass on the knowledge and allow it to grow from there. in that location are many examples of The Social Efficiency Ideology in the paper as it focuses on health and wellbeing experiences and outcomes where the individuals get the opportunity to gain skills that benefit the individual in action and work, but also the community around them. This is to alleviate them fabricate effective contributors in society concentrate all children and young deal in developing skills which they will use throughout their life and in their work, including the development of pre-vocational, enterprise and employability skills, personal skills, high levels of cognitive skills and the opportunity to put learning into a practical context. (page 15, Building the Curriculum 3)This example shows that the curriculum is aiming to encourage the learning of certain skills that will improve chances of employability and life skills that will help the young people settle into society and be able to play their part within it. The Curriculum for Excellence sees itself as being centred on the learner, and their individual needs. There are plenty examples throughout the paper of this ideology where the child is involved in what they are learning and setting themselves goals to achieve and having choice in what they learn within the curriculum, All children and young people should experience personalisation and choice within their curriculum, including identifying and planning for opportunities for personal achievement in a range of different contexts (page 17, Building the Curriculum 3). This quote shows that the idea of the curriculum is to give young people freedom to watch their own decisions in what they are learning and at their own level.There are four capacities that make up the purpose of the curriculum that are described in this paper. Successful learners, positive(p) individuals, responsible citizens and effective contributors, are the capacities that the curriculum aims to enable young people to become. Responsible citizens is a good example of The Social Reconstructive ideology as it explains how they will learn respect and about different cultures and how to behave responsibly within the community in all aspects (political, cultural or otherwise). As Building the curriculum states able to develop knowledge and understanding of the world and Scotlands place in it, understand different beliefs and cultures make informed choices and decisions evaluate environmental, scientific and technological issues develop informed, ethical views of complex. (page 22, Building the Curriculum 3)Here in this example, it shows that the curriculum wants to provide young people with varied knowledge so that the decisions they make in the future will help to create a better society. The idea is to teach them about values and respect so that they may make better informed decisions as to what is best for the society around them. Building the Curriculum 3 contains examples of all four of the ideology categories, but there are two that are most prevalent, Learner Centred and Social Efficiency. Upon examining the evidence in more depth it seems that the Social Efficiency ideology is the most dominant within this paper. Its main focus is on preparing and equipping individuals for future endeavours. For instance, the skills needed for future work prospects upon which Kridels (ed.2010) summary, of David Sneddons idea of social effici ency, explains the curriculum as a way to make individuals efficient for work.As discussed by Arnoldy (online), social efficiency in education is more for the benefit of the social economy than for the individual, but contradicting that theory in this paper, are the examples of learner centred ideology that is dotted throughout. Though, combining these two theories, Valades (online) talks about the idea that to help out society, educating young people to learn and improve their skills and capabilities to help the community in the future, is the way forward. From Building the Curriculum 3 and having summarised that the main ideology behind it is focusing on preparing the individuals to become more efficient and productive for contributing to our society, we can see that there will be some implication for teachers. Teachers who have been teaching for years under the same curriculum will struggle to accept the new curriculum, if it is as completely different way to how they have been t eaching before.Although the main focus of the curriculum in Scotland has been focused on preparing individuals for the future, it has not been focused on the more individual level. This may cause implication for teachers as they only have proper(postnominal) allocated times to be with classes and it will be hard to offer each individual, the time and attention they need to develop specific skills to the point of being efficient. The teacher will have to focus more on the experiences and outcomes the learners are objected to, to develop the skills needed for the real world. This causes some problems as it depends highly on what the school can afford to give in ways of experiences, as most of these will probably be met outside of school.So, teachers need to find a way of achieving the outcome of making the individual a more effective contributor to society by combining what they learn in and outside of the classroom. This would be a designate for teachers, as the environment each in dividual they teach will be different and this therefore means that the teacher will have to find a way to combine these different environments or find a similarity and focus on that. Building the Curriculum 3 has some implication for teachers, but the focus being on social efficiency means that in some ways there are not so many changes from the past tense as at least for the last hundred years the school curriculum has been focused on making learners that will have skills that will help them achieve objectives that will make the society a more efficient place.A Comparative Overview of the Curriculum Ideologies Chapter 6 http//www.sagepub.com/upm-data/47671_ch_6.pdf (visited 29th dec 2012) Critical instruction and Teacher Education in the Neoliberal Era Small Openings pp 3 Springer Netherlands, 2009 volume 6 Susan L. Groenke http//www.geocities.ws/rf_valades/index2.htm Social Efficiency Theory SAVE SOMETHING today Rodrigo Valades visited 29th dec 2012 The Role ofAssessment in a Learning Culture Lorrie A. Shepard Vol. 29, No. 7 (Oct., 2000), pp. 4 American Educational Research standoff http//www.sagepub.com/upm-data/47671_ch_6.pdf Chapter 6 A Comparative Overview of the Curriculum Ideologies visited 29th dec 2012 Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies edited by Craig Kridel SAGE Publications Inc 2010 Pg 4-7 Curriculum Theory Conflicting Visions and support Concerns, Schiro, M. (2008a) SAGE Publications, Inc Pg 199-245 Curriculum Theory Conflicting Visions and Enduring Concerns Second Edition, Schiro, M. (2012b) SAGE Publications, Inc Building the Curriculum 3 A framework for learning and teaching, The Scottish Government, 2008

Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits Essay Example for Free

Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits EssayAs you may know there be two types of grant plans that be most usually used a delimit contribution plan and a defined benefit plan. A defined contribution plan sets forth a sealed amount that the employer is to contribute to the plan each hitch (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). A defined benefit plan specifies the amount of bonus benefits to be paid erupt to plan recipients in the future.Companies that use this plan must make sufficient contributions to the funding agency in order to meet benefit requirements when they come due (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). The defined contribution plan makes no promises on what the ultimate benefits are to be paid. The benefits received by the recipients are determined by the call in earned on the invested support funds during the investment period (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Othe r Postretirement Benefits, 2011).When you account for this plan the risk for future benefit is the employee and the employers only capital outflow is the annual contribution to the pension plan fund. The pension expense is allude to the amount of promised annual contribution(Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). The financial statements should disclose the plan, what groups are covered, the basis for determining contributions, and any significant matters affecting comparability from period to period (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). write up for the defined benefit plan is more complex. The pension benefits to be received in the future are affected by un accepted variables such as turnover, mortality, length of employee service, compensation levels, and earnings on the pension fund additions (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). The risks lie with the emplo yers because they must make large enough contributions to meet what was promised and the amount of pension expense may not be equal to the cash contributed to the plan (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011).Employers are also involve to disclose the following information if they chose to use the defined benefit plan 1. A definition of the plan, including employee groups covered, type of benefit formula, funding policy, types of assets held, significant matters affecting comparability or information for all periods presented, 2. The amount of net periodic pension cost for the period showing separately the service cost component, the interest cost component, the actual return on assets for the period, and the net total of other components,3.A schedule reconciling the funded status of the plan with amounts reported in the employers statement of financial position (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). APB Opinion No. 8 states that there are many basic problems with the accounting for the defined benefit pension plan. The problems identified are 1. Measuring the total amount of cost associated with a pension plan, 2. Allocating the total pension costs to the proper accounting periods, 3. Providing the cash to fund the pension plan, and4.Disclosing the significant aspects of the pension plan on the financial statements (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). SFAS No. 87 Employers report for Pensions maintains that pension information should be prepared on the accrual basis and retained three fundamental aspects of past pension accounting1. delaying recognition of certain events, 2. Reporting net cost, and 3. offsetting assets and liabilities (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). The components of pension costs reflect different aspects of the benefits earned by employees and the method of financing those benefits by the employer. The following are required to be included in the net pension cost recognized by the employer sponsoring a defined benefits pension plan1. Service cost, 2. Interest cost, 3. drive out on plan assets, 4. Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost, 5. Amortization of gains and losses, 6. Amortization of the unrecognized net obligation or unrecognized net asset at the date of the initial application of SFAS No. 7 (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). There are other postretirement benefits that are addressed in SFAS No. 106 Employers Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions. SFAS No. 106 deals with other postretirement benefits other than pensions which includes a variety tuition assistance, day care, legal services, and housing subsidies, the most significant are retiree wellness care services, and life insurance.Although on the surface OPRBs are similar to defined benefit pension plans that ha ve characteristics that necessitate different accounting considerations and that have been the mention of considerable controversy future cash outlays for OPRBs depend on the amount of serves that the employees will eventually receive, additional OPRBs cannot be accumulated by employees OPRB with each form of service, OPRBs do not vest (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011).As noted the two most frequent pension plans are the defined contribution plan and the defined benefit plan. However, APB Opinion No. 8 has identified that there are some basic problems with the accounting for the defined benefit pension plan. There are also other postretirement benefits that include retiree healthcare benefits and life insurance.

Effect On Air Pollution Of Kathmandu Valley

Effect On Air Pollution Of capital of Nepal ValleyClean atm is necessary for human health. Human proboscis needs approximately 25 kg of appearance per day to keep up its requirement of oxygen (CEN, 2002). It replicates signifies the importance of pains to human beings and e precise(prenominal) befoulment in the air testament prolong a direct impact on our health. Pure air consists 21% of oxygen 78% of nitrogen and 1% other gases. If the air composition is altered by the increase in concentration of certain gases or by intrusion of non-gaseous components like particulate numbers, then(prenominal) the air is understood to be polluted and the components that alter the inherent compositional straitlacedty of air argon bourneed as air pollutants. Air befoulment affects just ab surface all horizons of the environment including the biota and the physical components where they strive on. A variety of sources have been identified as the components of the air befoulment and the y include both(prenominal) the inseparable and anthropogenic sources of origin however, the anthropogenic sources of air contamination argon more pronounced. Anthropogenic air pollutants ar more harmful and include Particulate matter (PM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Lead (Pb), Ozone (O3) and Hydrocarbons (HCs). (CEN, 2002)Air pollution is a big issue all over the world mainly in urban areas be energise of fossil give the sack driven transportation strategy.. Besides this, the unmanaged booming of urban settlements has helped to increase the concentration of air pollutants by limiting their horizontal dispersion thereby interfering with the health of people. Mainly, children, elderly and the patients of lungs and heart are more conquerable to the do of air pollution. According to Asian Development Bank (2001), in the southeastward Asian Cities, approximately 100,000 premature deaths every year is caused by the detrimental effects of air pollution.Air Pollution in capital of NepalThe issue of air pollution in capital of Nepal Valley is continuously drawing the attention of concerned bodies and the gravity of the problem is growing year by year. Owing to the topography of capital of Nepal Valley, growing creation, haphazard urbanization and increase in fomite density imparted as an effect of affluence and need to serve the growing universe of discourse, the vale has been facing worse situation of ambient air every year. However, the issue of air pollution in capital of Nepal Valley doesnt bear a long account statement as the development of road networks and history of transportation system in the valley do not have the long history either. Many researches and the discussion held within the country on air pollution has identified the transportation system and linked with it, the pathetic situation of the infrastructure as the root causes of air pollution in capital of Nepal Valley. Regarding the dominant air pollutant of Kathmandu, it is Particulate Matter (PM), the concentration of which is observed higher during night in the winter ascribable to the unveiling of inversion layer which acts as the blanket to trap pollutants. The PM concentration in Kathmandu has always exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standard and interior(a) Ambient Air Quality Standard of Nepal. Besides particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) the concentration of other pollutants are not a major issue in Kathmandu Valley. Gaseous pollutants such as NO2 and SO2 are generally within standards notwithstanding the concentration of NO2 is fairly high in areas with heavy barter and this has the potential of forthcoming increase with further increase in number of vehicles operating within the valley. Another potential concern is the concentration of air toxins such as benzine and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The concentration of benzene is within national standards but the national standard of 20g/m3 is itself fairly high. Although Nepal does not have any standards for PAH, supervise through with(p) in 2003 indicated fairly high levels of these pollutants in Kathmandu Valley. (ICIMOD, 2007)PM2.5 is considered to be more hazardous than PM10. Although Nepal does not have any standards for PM2.5, some monitoring has been carried out for PM2.5 in Kathmandu Valley. (ICIMOD, 2007)Statement of ProblemKathmandu, the capital city of Nepal is the focus of all the major facets of the country, namely economy, tourism, culture, politics, administration and natural environment. ascribable to the above reasons, the population of Kathmandu valley is increasing day by day. Apart from this, the infrastructure development has never been able to keep up with the unmanaged and accelerating growth. As a result, this has light-emitting diode to increase in slums, inadequate and polluted drinking water supply, polluted air to breathe, haphazard manner of dumping the solid waste in the neighborhoods. all people have right to breath clean air. Increase in population, vehicular fleet, energy consumption and industries, mainly brick industries have contributed to degrade air subject in Kathmandu valley. Overall, the bowl or the cup shaped topography of the valley as well as has prevented the dispersion of air pollutants to longer distances.Research questionsThe research will credit following issues1. What is the main air pollution facing by local people in Kathmandu valley?2. What are the main brassal changes that have been do to hold up the air pollution?3. What are strength and weakness of these knowledgeablenessal changes?4. What further polity measures should be instituted to slue air pollution to acceptable levels?2. BackgroundKathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. The Kathmandu valley consists of three major cities i.e Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. Kathmandu Valley is situated in 27 3730 N and 27 450 N latitude and 85 150 E and 85 2230 E longitude. And the K athmandu valley is located at an elevated of 1350meters. The Kathmandu valley is oval shaped and surrounded by high hill range. And the area of Kathmandu valley is 340 sq.km and the total population of Kathmandu valley is 1,442,271(CBS 2001). The climate of Kathmandu valley is sub tropical temperate. Along with it have four seasons pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter. In general, average temperature in summer is 32c and in winter is 5c. Due to economic activity and high chances of opportunities and facilities many people from all around the country has been migrated in the Kathmandu valley and is been highly dense. Air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley has been one of the major problems. It can be verbalise that air pollution started as the purpose of road networks and automobiles.High population with unplanned and unmanaged urbanization, rapid increasing of automobiles, vehicles and industries are the factors in the causes of air pollution.http//www.tsiindia.com/img/ne pal_map.gif(Source http//www.tsiindia.com/img/nepal_map.gif, date30th November 2010)According to the presentation given by traffic police, road aloofness per traffic police has improved since 1995 from 2.3 km to 1.6 km that is good sign for better traffic management. Nevertheless, cod to enormous burn down in the number of vehicles in Kathmandu, the traffic police are laden with responsibilities of higher number of vehicles than they had to be for 1995. From 2002 to 2009, the total number of vehicles in Bagmati zone increase by 1.25 times than that was before 2002 from 176415 to 396151. The statistics show that the vehicles has progressively increased from 2002 to 2009, the only exception being at 2006/07 probably due to the cause of contemporary semipolitical situation. The number of vehicles for individual traffic police has increased from 165 in 1995 to 415 in 2008 i.e. more than 2.5 times. In reality, the number of vehicles a traffic police should visualise for is even high er because not all the traffic police within Kathmandu are in duty at the same time during a day.In the context of road length and vehicle numbers, the nominal increase in road length has resulted in crowding of roadstead. The population density per klick road length during 1995 was 1668 that rose to 2353 in 2008 while, the number of vehicles per kilometer road length in Kathmandu was 70 in 1995 that has risen by closely four times i.e. 255 in 2008. Moreover, in causa of Kathmandu the traffic congestion, in practice, is observed due to the inadequate road width and lack of proper identification of the road lane for vehicles moving from the opposite directions. The proper traffic management can thus be initiated with the demarcation of lane, which can, as additional benefit, reduce the vehicle collision and traffic accident.Figure Comparison on Transportation Attributes for 1995 and 2005(Source Valley Traffic Control, 2009 where Blue colour shows 1995 and red is 2005)Causes of Air pollutionIf any unwanted particles mixed in the air, it is called air pollution. It can cause for both humanWell as environment also. Air pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid as well asgas form. They are whitethorn be either natural or simulated. Main artificial air pollutants are SulfurOxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Volatile organic compounds,Particulate matters, ground ozone, ammonia etc. (Wikipedia).Sources of artificial air pollution are as followsi) quick Urbanizationii) Vehicular emissioniii) Industrial growthiv) Unmanaged disposal of waste etc.3. THEORY3.1 Concept of InstitutionAn universe is any structure or mechanism of social order or it may bee said as a set of some formal rules, decree and norms of some formal rules, regulation and norms formulated to establish the smooth running society or to govern the behavior of human being in the society. Institutions are make to formalize the society and to show the human being to act as a social animal. It is the outcome of the society and can be said as the need in the human community to harmonize the behavior of the people. The term institution is jet planesly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of political science and public emolument (Stanford Encyclopedia social institutions).Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identifies as Institution may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergency, that is institution arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self organizations, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual human involved (http//en .wikipedia.org/wiki/institutionaspects_of_institutions, twenty-eighth nov. 2010). The institution that has been established to grow the woodland of ambient air quality in Kathmand u is the outcome of the result from the air pollution. Those are not exact of the people but the result of the problem. The banning of two bezzant vehicles in Kathmandu, banning of brick kiln factories was not in favor of people. It just hit on the dot of the poor people in the society, but that was the outcomes of the problems not as the intentional outcomes.3.2 Resource Use and Resource RegimesThose goods which consists of a natural or human made resource system whose size or characteristics makes it speak toly but not impossible to exclude the people from getting benefits from its use are generally know as common- share resource (CPR) or it may be called as common- quality resources. Since the common-pool resources are open access, there is the problem off congestion or over use. unlike public goods, they are subtractable. A common pool resource for example air is a large stock but only provides the limited measuring stick of extractable unit and over use will create proble ms as we are here to discuss the air pollution in Kathmandu. A common property regime is a particular social arrangement regulating the preservation, maintenance, and consumption of a common pool resource. The use of the term Common property resource to designate a type of good has been critized, because common pool resource is not necessarily governed by common property regimes.(http//en.wikkipedia.org/wiki/common/pool/resource,date26th Nov.2010).Example may be taken as the air in Kathmandu which is the common pool resources. It allows certain amount of pollutants but beyond this the gets polluted. in that location will be various consequences as it gets polluted. Because the core resource is vulnerable, it is subjected to congestion, over use and ultimately pollution. Any system has their own certain capacity to fare with the change and beyond that the system gets disturb and in case off air in Kathmandu, situation came due to the striking increase in population and profligate use of vehicles that run by the fossil-fuels. The use of common pool resources can be continuously done as the loop if they are managed by rights and carefully exploited because they form the positive feedback loop since they are stock covariant but the haphazard use of it deteriorates the stock and disrupt the flow variable for good.3.2.1 Resource Use in KathmanduOpen accessMarketEffect of distributionNo rulesAs shown in the above figure, the air in the Kathmandu was open access and there was no any rules concerning the use of it and the ownership for it. As the time passes, there araised several agents and market introduced. The outcome of the dramatic increase in the population in the city results in the excessive use of vehicles for the transportation system. Unfortunately those vehicles are run by fossil fuel which when used emit air pollutant in the atmosphere. So there is the pollution problem in the valley. Now government has their head towards it and they are formulating institution to enhance thee quality of it.Though the air in the valley is open access but there are some rules concerning the use of it. Thee government have introduced green impose, banning of diesel running three wheelers etc. Now the system approaches where it is still the open access but with market, shown in the figure above. There are some rules concerning the use of it and hence thee distributional have came into action in this case.3.3 Framework for Analyzing for resource use problemAir in the Kathmandu valley is common property and is open access. At the time passes, the technology has developed as well as the population of city increase dramatically. This is partly due the centralization and civil war in Nepal. If the natural resources was vast compare to the capacity of people to use it, there could be no problem (vatn, 2005), but here the thing is just opposite to that.TechnologyAttributes of the resourcesOutcomes-resource use-state of resourceAgents and aagents choice sPatterns of interactionInstitutions- regimesConventionNormsFormal rules(Source Vatn, 2005,)(Figure Framework for analyzing resource use problems)Finally this aspect has influence has chose new institution and government of Nepal formulated some rules and regulation for the enhancement of air quality in Kathmandu valley. Along with this, different Medias, NGOs, INGOs are involved to motivate people regarding air pollution. The institution such as banning of two stock vehicles, relocation of Himal cement factory, introduction of green tax was introduced.Although there are many such many rules regulation and acts came into existence but some the institution lack third party control system. The government formulated the rules and people were not seemed to walk along with this change. Since there was lack of third party no body were there to check and control the execution of instrument of such policies.With regards to institution we may also distinguish between operational rules, rule s concerning the defining of operation rules and finally external arrangement / rules. The operational rule defines the insouciant regulation regimes. (Vatn, 2005).The next important factor to take into consideration is agents and agents choice. Here the structure of institution greatly helps to motivate the people. Institution in Nepal was so formed that people were motivated and aware of air pollution and its impact to some extent. But the technology did not fit the resource use. As being the growing county the people do not have any option rather than to use fissile fuels as the main source of energy for the transportation system. At the same time dramatic increase in population in the city force to consume more fuel energy and Kathmandu valley stood first in position in term of vehicle registration in Nepal. So the air being the open access was very vulnerable to risk.Eventually due interaction of technology and choice of agents the problem of air pollution came in the valley. There difficulties are mainly due to four factors. basically regime is not able to motivate correlation action in accordance with what is demanded given resource characteristic, technology, number of agents and corruption by the government official. decadency is so deep rooted that one can easily break up the institution formulated by the state. This can be seen as the drawback of the system or the lack of motivation.If outcomes are not in accordance what is expected or wanted agents can change institutional structures. In principal this may occur at all level, with regards to conventions, norms and formal rules (Vatn, 2005). However, changing such rules and regulation certainly need considerable time and result of such change to the institution can only be noticed after some period of time.3.4 Air as a common pool resource in KathmanduGoods or resources can be generally classified into two groups. They are Excludable or Non-excludable and Rivalry or Non Rivalry. When a person or a business firm can set a barrier on his/her property like land to prevent the use of it by other are called excludable goods and those where the demarcation is not possible are called non-excludable goods. When the goods at one time prevent the use off same good simultaneously by other is called agreery goods and on the other hand, just like air, the of which can never stop other to use it at the same time is called non-rivalry goods or resource.Exclusion termss (TCs) poor HighIIIIIIIVYesRivalry in use orconsumption No(Source Vatn, 2005, pp 263)(Fig Characterization of resources or goods according to the cost of exclusion and rivalry in use or consumption).While goods of type I are typically labeled Private goods, type II and type IV are called goods and public goods, respectively. With regards to type III, common-pool-resourceis an often used concept. In the tradition of leaping of resource characteristics to regime implication, type I is often equated with clandestine proper ty and markets, II with clubs, III with standard common property or open access and IV with state/public property. (Vatn, 2005, pp 263)3.4.1 Rivalry goodsAs we are discussing somewhat the in the Kathmandu valley, it can bee seen that the resource is rivalry type. In Kathmandu valley, different types of factories, industries, vehicles are continuously meeting the air pollutant which ultimately invited the pollution problem and all the citizens are suffering from it. In the case of rival goods, the core problem is that of external effect. This is typically the case for many environmental resources where use-at to the lowest degree beyond the certain level-reduce its quantity and/or quality (Vatn, 2005, pp263). Therefore air in case of Kathmandu valley can be considered as rival goods.3.4.2 Non-Excludable goodsWhen the goods are private or owned by certain people or organization, than the demarcation is very easy that means transaction cost is very low. But when thee goods or resourc es are open access or common property, the exclusion cost is very high because the typical demarcation is not possible. In this case, air is common property and everybody in the city can use it undoubtly and the transaction cost is very high3.5 Mechanism to reduce air pollutionThe pollution problem in Kathmandu can be seen as the outcome of excessive energy used and technological development. This can simply be framed as followsProductionInputOutput3.5.1 Taxation inputBasically the major pollution problem in the valley is due to the excessive use of the vehicles which are runes by the petroleum products. So air pollution can be reduced by introducing the tax in the fossil fuel. This is the surpass way because there is low transaction cost in doing so. High tax in the fule wills automatically reduce the use of private vehicles and the public vehicles uses will be increased to the considerable extent.3.5.2 Taxation in production and technologyOn the other hand, this can be done by in troducing the tax in the technology that means motor car, private vehicles, and factories, industries which use energy and emit the pollutants in the air and also providing the subsidy to those who use bicycle or electronic means of transportation. As the government of Nepal is doing , banning of diesel running three wheelers, two stock vehicles are also the way to enhance the air quality to some extent. This is a very simple way and there is low transaction cost in introduction such institutions but this dominantly hit the poor in the society.3.5.3 Taxation in OutputThere is another way of controlling the air pollution but the transaction cost in very high in doing so. The introduction of emission tax can be very good way to enhance the air quality. Here the transaction cost will be fairly very high.4. MethodsFor fulfilling the study objectives, a systematic study approach was followed. The major base for research founded with the collection of relevant vicarious data and informat ion from various national and international sources. The field-based study could not be done.The following process are doneLiterature Reviewsecondary winding Data CollectionData AnalysisDraft Report PreparationFinal ReportDissemination5. AnalysisIncreasing number of vehicles without extension of roads is diagnosed to be the major problem in Kathmandu. The growth of the vehicles in Kathmandu is a major concern to traffic police, vehicle drivers, and pedestrians. From the result, it is observed that the road length of Kathmandu is increasing very nominally while the numbers of vehicles are increasing with an exceptional growth rate and it ultimately help to increase air pollution.5.1 Causes of Air PollutionAir pollution causes by both anthropogenic as well as natural sources. Anthropogenic source is the main cause in Kathmandu valley than that of natural source. Mainly fossil fuel combustion and other activities like brick factories, unmanaged road system, stone grinding factories are added pollution. fomite system is the main source to emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide. Approximately 67 percent of Particulate matter is supplied by vehicular emission in Kathmandu valley.5.1.1 Sources of air pollutionSources of air pollution are of two types Natural and artificial.Main sources of artificial air pollution are as followsA) Rapid UrbanizationKathmandu valley has very fertile land, but nowadays it is known as unmanaged urban area. The main cause of this is Kathmandu-centric development and migration of people due to insurgency and political conflict. It is the biggest city of the Nepal and about 20 percent urban people live here. The population increase rate here is as twice as national rate of 2.2%. (ICIMOD, 2007).B) Vehicular EmissionIt is the main source for air pollution. According to the Department of Transportation and Management, Government of Nepal, the first bus service in Nepal commenced in1957 and since then the fleet has grown substa ntially. The cumulative vehicular number in Bagmati zone (administrative zone where the vehicles of Kathmandu Valley are registered) was 176,415 in 2001 and it reached 396,151 in 2008. Most of the vehicles registered in Bagmati zone is used in Kathmandu valley. This record shows the rapid increment of vehicles in Kathmandu valley. Vehicle number in Kathmandu has been increasing rapidly in the last five years.C) Industrial EmissionsAbout two-fifth industries in Nepal are located in Kathmandu valley. According to the Department of bungalow and small industries, there were 14,971 up to 2006. Out of them, 111 are brick kilns and 89 are stone crushers. They contribute 14% of the total particulate matter in Kathmandu valley. Management of solid waste is another problem which also causes air pollution and vulnerable to health. (ICIMOD,2007)5.1.2 Effects of air pollutionThe effect of air pollution is high in human health. High exposure in air pollution may cause chronic bronchitis, lung ca ncer, asthma and other respiratory problems. It also affects cardio vascular system and nervous system (Lahiri, 2003). Particulate matter is the main problem of Kathmandu, which not only affects the health but also the tourism industry. Due to the poor health, human productivity is also loss. All these impacts finally affect the economic system of individual as well as of state.The long term study of health impact due to air pollution is yet to be conducted in Kathmandu Valley. However, Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre (CWIN) surveyed about 60 children who were working as staffs on three-wheelers in valley and result showed that 84% staffs were suffering from eye problem, 82% chest pains, 66% were suffering from coughs and 58% by headaches. Similarly 45% children were suffering by respiratory problem.Shakya S conducted a study incorporating questionnaires to the traffic police. He observed that out of 90 traffic police, most of them were suffering from diseases link up to ne rvous and respiratory systems. Similarly, Clean Energy Nepal (CEN) also did a questionnaire survey for the people who live near to the brick industries and in control area. The study revealed that 54% out of surveyed people near to the brick kiln were suffering from respiratory problem and 41% people in the control area were affected by respiratory disorder.The other problems due to air pollution are as followsAcid rainOzone layer depletionReduction of visibilityIn context of Kathmandu, the issues of superman rain and ozone layer depletion are not very significant as both of these issues are the outcomes of the heavy industrial pollution. The formation of the photochemical smog and biting droplets due to hydration of the SOx and NOx are not well defined in the pollution status of the ambient air of Kathmandu. As mentioned in the earlier sections the concentrations of both these gases are well below the standards set by the Government of Nepal and WHO. However, regarding the visibi lity the problem perpetuates in Kathmandu during all seasons with even more pronounced effects during the winters when temperature inversion takes place. The visibility problem is basically caused by the particulate matters and the problem subsides only during the periods of heavy rainfall.5.2. Policies and institutional arrangements for managing emissions from motor vehiclesA number of programs have been done to fight against the air pollution in Kathmandu Valley. Some are given below. In 1991, government stopped to register three-wheelers. It was the first response link to air pollution of Kathmandu valley. In 1994, government place emission standards for in-use vehicles. Green stickers were given those vehicles which met emission values. Ministry of Population and Environment was established in 1995. Environmet protection Act 2000 and Rules were enacted in 1997. In 1998, the government formulated NVMES in 2000 these standards, equivalent to EURO-I emission norms, went into effe ct from January 2000. All new means of transportation imported from foreign since then have had to meet the terms. In 1997 the government decided to provide fiscal support to battery-operated electric three-wheelers. It was given in the form of tax breaks. In 1999, diesel three-wheelers were banned in Kathmandu Valley. Similarly it was banned in other cities also. Vehicle owners were given tax incentive to buy new vehicles. In November 2000, the government decided to ban public vehicles older than 20 years. Similarly it banned all two blow vehicle in Kathmandu Valley. The policy was followed from 16 November, 2001. Government tried to follow this rule strictly but was unable to put into practice the decision. In late 2000, two-stroke motorcycle registration was restricted. The vehicle run by LPG and CPG (compressed natural gas) was improved from 2000. In 2001, government decided adds 10% extra tax for the vehicle having older than 15 years. This is the first case that government l inked between tax and vehicle age. It helped to discourage the use of older vehicles. In 2001, The National Transport Policy was formulated. This policy is directly related to clean transportation system. In 2003, the National Ambient Air Quality System for various air pollutants was established. Two-stroke three-wheeler vehicles were banned from 2004 in the Kathmandu Valley. Government unlikable Himal Cement Factory to control the air pollution which was situated near the valley.(Source Dahal, 2006)Government has formulated and applied many rules and regulations to address the air pollution of Kathmandu valley, but the graph below shows that the main air pollutants Total Suspended Particulates (Particulate matters) is increasing every year.(Source MoEST Report 2006)5.3. Strength and weakness of these institutional changesIt is found that reforms in existing institutional set up is likely to bring some positive impact on the air quality of Kathmandu valley. Removing two stroke vehi cles from the valley have reduced the air pollution as well as noise pollution. It has also helped to reduce the energy consumption because the two stroke vehicles use more fuel than other. However, the rules and regulations are no implemented because of the political instability and corruptions. The economic condition of the country has also impacted on the instruction execution the institutions because the government has not allocated sufficient fund for environment. In Nepal there is separate ministry dealing with environment (Ministry of Environment), however, the institution of the local authority like environment surgical incision and its associated regional and district bodies, to effectively deal with the problems related to environment has not been materialized yet, even after more than a decade has passed with the establishment of environment ministry. The establishment of environment department is still in the stage of planning and government has made efforts to establi sh it in near future, but according to the government financial constraint

Capital Punishment | Should Capital Punishment be Abolished?

Capital Punishment Should Capital Punishment be Abolished?Death clock time being i of the harshest penalisations known to man has interpreted a gradual humanized change over the years. Being a mode of penalization prominently followed in nigh part of the world has now been abolished in many countries because of a wave of abolishment initiated a few ten-spots back. India seems to be stuck between the global tr land up to end finis penalisation and the nations that is still follow. It has taken a very safe ground by giving a minimal provision and leaving it to the discretion of the court to award the punishment in special circumstances. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether great(p) punishment should be taboo or non? While considering the historic as well as present scenario of capital punishment and comparing with other countries where it has been abolished.IntroductionCapital punishment is the practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific abuse after a proper legal trial. It is usually barely used as a punishment for particularly serious types of murder, only in some countries treason, types of fraud, adultery and rape are capital crimes.1In Indian the traditional way of awarding this punishment is handing by the neck till the devastation of the criminal. In other countries, shooting, electric chair, etc,are the various devices used for the purpose. The term capital originates from capitalis, literally regarding the head (Latin caput). Hence, a capital crime was originally one punished by the severing of the head.2Amongst democratic countries today, it is rare to find capital punishment being practiced. In fact, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. are the only ones who still have the finale punishment. However, it is mainly found in poor, undemocratic and authoritarian states that the death penalty is still being used, and usually as a means of political oppression. The atomic mo 63an Union and the Council of Europe refuses its member states to practice the death penalty, or at least desire them to show that they no durable actively practice it (i.e. a moratorium). Although the United States had suspended executions in 1973, they resumed them in 1977. However, not all the states perform capital punishment, with at least 12 of them having banned it at the age of writing?Most of the countries except China, a few countries in South Africa and Belarus in Europe, have moved towards abolishing death penalty3. though being a member of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which is adopted by the United Nations and stands to bring countries to abolish death penalty, India has not taken this important step to abolish such a grave punishment.Capital punishment is nothing but judicial murder, it is said, especially when an clear flavor is destroyed. Besides this, capital punishment, as is generally supposed, is not deterrent. Murders and other heinous crimes have continued unabated, in spite of it. The end of such views has been that in red-brick years in that location has been an increasing tendency in western countries to award deportment imprisonment instead of capital punishment. Muslims countries, to be more serve in this respect. Despite frequent demands from all nine Indian has not so far abolished capital punishment. But point in India there has been a bloodline in the frequency of such punishment. It is now awarded only in cases of hardened criminals and only when it is established that the murder was not the result of a momentary impulse, the result of serious provocation, but well-planned and cold-blooded. In such cases, it is felt that nothing else than capital punishment would be executed for that crime. Those who indulge in anti-social and sternest possible measures should be taken against them, specially when they are habitual offenders. India has not so far abolished capital punishment but used it more judiciously. Sociologists are of t he view that capital punishment serves no useful purpose. By sending the criminals to gallows, we in no way help or stick out relief to the family of the murdered. The sociologists, therefore, suggest that the murderer should be sentenced for career to work and support the family of murdered person as well as his own. In this way, innocent women and children would be saved from much suffering, hunger and starvation.4Philosophers view on capital punishmentAccording, to Kants view no state can exist if there is no law and if there is no law then there is no society and no state. Therefore legislation of law is necessary. Therefore by Kants view if a person has violated such laws by doing a crime then a person who has violated such law mustiness be punished. According to Kant punishment is a legal act that unquestionably has a certain basis. This basis is a crime. If there is no crime there must be no punishment. Punishment of innocent people is a result of a worthless legislation this means that the legal system is unable to establish guilt and make a differentiation between innocent people and criminals.5Kants opinion towards death penalty is justified only if there is a murder. According to him if there is a murder then he must die.Theory of punishment- by both H.L.A Hart and (1959) in England and John Rawls (1955) in the United States.Defining the concept of punishment must be kept distinct from justifying punishment. A rendering of punishment is, or ought to be, value-neutral, at least to the extent of not incorporating any norms or principles that surreptitiously tend to justify whatever falls under the definition itself. To put this another way, punishment is not supposed to be justified, or even partly justified, by packing its definition in a manner that virtually guarantees that whatever counts as punishment is automatically justified. (Conversely, its definition ought not to preclude its justification.)6Historical BackgroundCapital punishment i s regarded as one of the severest form of punishment in the history of mankind. During the medieval era, capital punishment was sentenced even for extremely trivial and inconsequential matter or in other words we can say that they were executed for minor crimes such as stealing, cheating or even trespassing. Also, the methods of administering death penalty were vastly harsh and gruesome. Most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. This was the only method for them to provide justice for every crime done by a person. However, during medieval times the capital punishment was rather insensitive. The punishment which was given to the accused coin bank be compare to the act which has been done by accused. One of the oldest methods of practicing capital punishment was hanging. This method was originated from Persia and was restricted only for male criminals. The method was considered to be comparative ly less harsh as it was relatively simpler with no involvement of blood. This form of punishment is prevalent to date in countries such as Singapore, Japan, India, Pakistan and three states in US.7In the earlier time death penalty laws can be found in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon (18th century BCE), in which death penalty was given for different crimes. But in the Draconian Code of Athens (7th century BCE), times where every crime was penal by death and was the nigh extreme capital systems in ancient times. Later on under Roman law in the 5th century BCE, a person could even be sentenced to death for simply writing an insulting song8. The Romans also used it for a wide range of offenses, though citizens were exempted for a short time during the republic. It also has been sanctioned at one time or another by most of the worlds major religions.In medieval and former(a) modern Europe the death penalty was largely used as a generalized form of punishment, and often accompanie d by torture. Similarly, in medieval and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment. For example, in 1700s Britain there were 222 crimes which were punishable by death, including crimes such as cutting down a tree or stealing an animal.9Thanks to the notorious Bloody Code, 18th century (and early 19th century) Britain was a hazardous place to live. For example, Michael Hammond and his sister, Ann, whose ages were given as 7 and 11, were reportedly hanged at Kings Lynn on Wednesday, September 28, 1708 for theft. The local press did not, however, consider the executions of deuce children newsworthy.10Present scenarioBut the time has changed now, the judiciary in most countries has adopted a more civilized attitude towards this punishment and death penalty is mute for extremely heinous crimes.Three quarters of executions worldwide occur in Asia. 95% of Asians live in jurisdictions that carry out capital punishment. China altogether accounts for 90% of all executions in Asia. The country executed approximately 5000 people in 2008. Thats a rate per capita dozens of times higher than in the U.S., and to that degree its a steep drop for the numbers of some decades earlier. India is also retentionist (meaning the opposite of abolitionist) but only executed one person in the first decade of the new millennium. Singapore used to kill a similar proportion of its citizens as China, but the rate has dropped recently. Japan, on the contrary, is executing more and more people. Saudi Arabia is known for its particularly gruesome methods11We can see from the above graph there is lot of change in figures earlier only death penalty was sentenced as compared to medieval times. Pakistan , U.S. and China are at the highest peak. Pakistan and china are the main contributors in increasing the percentage of death penalty in Asia.The most recent executions in South Korea took place in Dec ember 1997, when 23 people were executed at short notice on the same day. Similarly, cardinal executions occurred in 1995 and 15 in 1994, in each instance occurring all on the same day. No executions have occurred since 1998, but this de facto suspension has not been strengthened by law. Since 1999, lawmakers have thrice endorsed a bill favoring look imprisonment without parole in place of the death penalty, but each time the plan has stalled and failed to move forward. The need remains to develop a culturally appropriate pro-abolition argument that could persuade the Korean public that the death penalty is unworkable and wrong. On 21 January 2007, in the Inhyeokdang case, the Korean apostrophize acquitted 8 persons who had been executed 32 years earlier. The hope is that, in light of strong arguments based on the risk to innocent persons and the irreversibility of capital punishment, Korea will effectively transition from de facto to formal abolition.Capital Punishment should be banned or not?Most of the people now feel that punishment for crimes like murders should not be death but some re formative or deterrent sentence. Death sentence cannot reform a criminal since once dead he cannot be reformed. The governments, which have abolished death sentence, find that there is no increase in the number of murders in the countries after the abolition. Some social reformers still feel that life imprisonment is a more severe kind of punishment. However, capital punishment puts an end to the criminals life, life imprisonment forces him to spend his whole life within the boundaries of a prison. Over 37 countries have already abolished the death sentence and the after-effects of it have not been harmful. India, which is the birthplace of great luminaries, should also abolish death sentence and replace it with some other kind of punishment, which aims to abolish crime, not merely kill criminals.12In India, capital punishment is granted for different crimes, counting murder, initiating a childs suicide, instigating war against the government, acts of terrorism, or a second evidence for drug trafficking. Death penalty is officially permitted though it should be used in the rarest of rare cases as per the judgement of positive Court of India. Amongst the retentionist countries around the world, India has the lowest execution rate with just 55 people executed since independence in 1947.13In the case of Bachan Singh v State of Punjab14, wherein a Constitutional Bench with a 41 bulk upheld the constitutional validity of death penalty and the scope of the provision which enabled the imposition of death penalty. Justice Bhagwati took a dissenting opinion and held that the death sentence is unconstitutional and violative of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India. laws which are to be used to avoid and prevent people from committing such offences and not to take the life a person using the same laws. The State has no right to take the life of a person. India according to me should abolish death sentence.Article 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution provides for Right to equality before law and protection of life and personal liberty respectively. Article 14 states, The state shall not abnegate to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India15. And Article 21 states, No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law16. If a procedure of law itself takes a life of a person, who is to be blamed, and who should be punished for it? Is it fair to kill a person? If not, what is the difference between a murderer and the society who takes the life of a murderer by sentencing him to death?In a landmark case of Bachan Singh vs. State of Punjab17, a panel of four judges of the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of death penalty but Justice Bhagwati differed in his opinion. The four judge panel led by Chief Justice Y.V. Chandrachud suggested a set of guidelines for determining the aggravating circumstances which would warrant the imposition of death penalty and other mitigating circumstances for awarding the lesser punishment of imprisonment for life. Further, the Supreme Court held that the aggravating circumstances which result in special reasons as per the Criminal Procedure Code must be considered to be sentenced to death. And finally held that death sentence should be imposed only in Rarest of Rare cases.The death sentence as a punishment can also have a deterrent effect against the potential murderers. But J. Bhagwati argues that death sentence will have a greater deterrent effect as opposed to the life sentence. J. Bhagwati enriches the court with various scholars over the world who would agree with his opinion and this very opinion has favored the abolition of death penalty in their countries. He says it is not a rational conviction but merely an unreasoned belief which is ent ertained by some people including a few penologists, judges, jurists and legislators that death penalty has a uniquely deterrent effect18. Reference was also made to the Fifty Fourth Law Commission report19which also took a view that death sentence acts as a deterrent. It says that every human being dreads death suggesting that death sentence had a greater deterrent effect than other punishments. As the punishment is more deterrent than others it becomes arbitrary and unreasonable and violates article 14 ad 21 of the Constitution.Therefore it should be not be completely abolished. Hence, it should be executed only in rarest of rare cases.ConclusionDeath penalty is the harshest of punishments provided in the IPC, which involves the judicial killing or taking the life of the accused as a form of punishment20. It is a mode of punishment which extinguishes the life of an accused. In India, death sentence has gone through a number of changes but still remains as the harshest punishment. It is the punishment for murdering another human being. It is true that killing someone is cruel, but it is also not reasonable for a society to kill someone. The only difference between these is that the accused in a murder case is punished by the society but there is no one to punish the society. The rule of law is set up to protect and regulate both the society as well as the people in the society.In conclusion, I feel that death penalty should be completely abolished. Though I am also morally against death penalty this synopsis has made my views even stronger. But it should be executed only in the rarest of rare case like there is nothing else left instead of capital punishment for giving justice to someone. The views suggested by philosophers also suggest the same meaning that it should be executed only in the case of murder or we can say that in the rarest of rare cases.

The Physics of a Parachute

The Physics of a skip overThe plunk is an effective tool for enhanced safety, although it is widely utilized by adrenaline seekers for enjoyment.Gravity is possibly the most crucial force acting upon the parachute, because without which a parachute would not be needed. Gravity is applied to a mint indiscriminate of its coat or shape. is the speed at which a survey result accelerate due to gravity through the air, with no opposing forces acting upon it.Air Resistance is the solely reason why a parachute works. The air is undisturbed until a mass passes through it, when that mass passes through air it is effectively the same as air flowing past a mass. When air cannot travel smoothly past a body it is called scuff, when drag is applied to a mass, it slows the object and or the flow of air. When a parachute is opened, air is trapped under the fabric and is forced in a swirl in uneven patterns, when air swirls it additions drag and decreases the speed of a body. When air swirl s it also reduces its efficiency, a parachute when passing through the air compromises this and depending on how large the physical size of the parachute it will slow the acceleration of the mass considerably.According to Dictionary.com, terminal velocity is the constant speed that a freely glistening object eventually reaches when the resistance of the intermediate through which it is falling prevents further acceleration.This means that the terminal velocity of a falling mass occurs in free fall when a zero acceleration is felt, this meant that the mass doesnt accelerate anymore because the forces, air resistance and gravity, air resistance will eventually balance the masses weight and therefore will fall at a constant rate, this is terminal velocity. More simply put, terminal velocity is the fastest velocity that an object will fall due to gravity. The equating for terminal velocity isThe physical properties of wind resistance are obvious. When the parachute is opened, the dra g is significantly increased, this is due to the massively increased area thatAs the size of the canopy increases, the time taken for the parachute to reach the ground will proportionally increase. As the mass of the object increases or decreases, the time taken for the parachute to reach the ground will increase or decrease consecutively.If the length of the suspension lines is increased, the time taken for the parachute to reach the ground will increase to a curtain point, then level out.VariablesChanges madeTime (seconds)Average(seconds)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Weight0.01kg1.31.81.61.21.4750.02kg1.92.42.22.52.2500.03kg2.22.92.53.02.650Radius of parachute0.05m1.11.31.51.61.3750.10m1.61.51.91.71.6750.15m1.81.51.31.81.6000.20m1.51.61.92.61.900Firstly, a parachute was created using light cloth and string. The diagram below is a representation of the design created.Next, the appropriate mass was attached to the parachute via the suspension lines. The person was positioned on the se cond floor. The height of the drop was then measured, the preliminary test data was collected.The following results were obtained through experimentVariableChanges madeTime (seconds)Average (seconds)Weight (Kilograms)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 40.0052.032.252.222.342.210.011.961.981.882.041.970.012.071.851.831.751.880.021.322.041.411.531.580.0251.421.501.471.461.460.031.561.251.031.411.31Radius of Parachute (Metres)0.052.362.372.402.332.370.072.452.422.482.502.460.092.542.562.522.582.550.112.642.692.712.682.680.132.722.832.802.752.78Length of suspension lines(Metres)0.052.202.522.582.622.480.072.252.252.242.162.230.092.482.452.102.282.320.102.352.272.452.522.400.122.562.312.232.343.36The data was collected and has been analyzed. Patterns have been produced through the previous results. The results have shown that the mass of the object affects the speed at which the parachute falls. As the mass increases, the time shortens proportionally, this demonstrates that the relationship that occurs.The inability to access precise measuring equipment affected the results, as a consequence the results are inconsistent, although the majority of the results were close to the expected time. TheAs with all results, some of the above results were inconsistent. The results were as expected for the mass and the mass and the radius, the length of the suspension lines however was in consistent with the hypothesis. As the experiment progressed, it became clearer that they wereReferences primary Assumptions of Modern Physics Not Falsifiable. (2012, 7 13/10/2016). Retrieved from The world as computation https//claesjohnsonmathscience.wordpress.com/2012/07/02/is-modern-physics-falsifiable/Bourne, M. (2016, 2 29/10/2016). Differentiation (Finding Derivatives). Retrieved from Interactive math http//www.intmath.com/differentiation/differentiation-intro.phpChristian, D., Crossley, W. (1987). Essential Physics (Book one). Sydney Sapphire Books.Davies, P., Harding, J. (Physics around yo u). 1991. Melbourne Longman Cheshire.Dictionary.com. (2017). Terminal velocity. Retrieved from Dictionary.com http//www.dictionary.com/browse/terminal-velocityDuncan, T. (2008). Physics (Fourth Edition). London Hodder Education.Gaze, T., Lindsay, I., Maddern, D., Stelzer, T. (2006). Physics a Contextual Approach. Port Melbourne.Hall, N. (2015, 5 11/20/2016). conversion of momentum. Retrieved from NASA https//www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/conmo.htmlHow does placing objects in liquids affect the mass? (2012). Retrieved from newtonian Mechanics http//physics.stackexchange.com/questions/19696/how-does-placing-objects-in-liquids-affect-the-massHyper Physics. (2000, 8 21/10/2016). The laws of Newton. Retrieved from Hyper physics http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/newt.htmlMaccaster, R. (1993). Physics. London Stanley Thornes.Richcard, W. G. (2001). New Century Physics. Melbourne Oxford.Skwirk online education. (2013). Law of Conservation of Energy. Retrieved from Skwirk onl ine education http//www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-4_u-308_t-756_c-2845/law-of-conservation-of-energy/nsw/law-of-conservation-of-energy/force-and-motion/energyTeichroew, D. (1954, june 30). Statistical Analysis of Experimental Parachute Test Data. Retrieved from National Bureau of Standards http//nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/RPT/nbsreport3493.pdfThe Physics Classroom. (2016). place and Displacement. Retrieved from The Physics Classroom http//www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-1/Distance-and-DisplacementWorkshop Tutorials for Physics. (n.d.). Mechanics activities. Retrieved from Workshop Tutorials for Physics http//www.physics.usyd.edu.au/super/physics_tut/volume3/mechact.pdfexpected for the mass and the mass and the radius, the length of the suspension lines however was in consistent with the hypothesis. As the experiment progressed, it became clearer that the

This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff Essay -- Character Analysis

The book This Boys Life by Tobias Wolff is a register compose about the authors childhood memories and experiences. The author shows some(prenominal) different characters within the book. Many of them are just minor character that does not demand the author much in his life choices and thoughts throughout his growth. But there are some that acts as the protagonist and some the antagonist. One of them is Dwight, the protagonists or bastards stepfather. This character seems to be one of the characters that inhibit twats choices and decisions. This character plays a huge role in Jacks life as it leaves a huge scar in his memory. The author here spends the majority of time in this character in the memoir to show the readers the relationship between Jack and Dwight.There are several masquerade costumes that Dwight wears to hide his true intention towards Jack and Rosemary. One of the most obvious propagation is when during the approval seeking moment where Dwight threatened and in stilled fear in Jack by driving dangerously and swerving his car intentionally. Dwight here wants to show Jack that he is in complete control of Jack and Rosemarys life. To forewarn Jack about his future decisions and implication, Dwight intentionally puts on a mask of bitchiness. This proves to be advantageous for Dwight as Jack finally succumbs toward Dwights threats and corners Jack to approve his mformer(a)s marriage to Dwight.Later on, Dwight and Jack started painting their home plate where white paint is used as a primary paint supposedly to symbolize purity and a new start towards Jacks new life. But this also had an alternate mask covering the false positive pretense. It shows to the reader that Dwight may be covering the true rotten, ill and malice with white paint. Even with w... ...s violence and his bad attitudes as a safety precaution on Dwights future behaviors. In the end, readers will get a sense of disapproval on Dwight due to many presentations of evil and mali ce towards Jack. This may be the deceitful nature of Dwight towards both Jack and Rosemary, or the many tortures that Jack encounters while living with Dwight. In the end, there is a conclusion that points toward a relationship that is based on hatred and a kind of destiny need for both characters to one another as Dwight needs Jack for Rosemarys love and Jack needs Dwight for Rosemarys security department in life. It is not a relationship desired by Jack as he finally says We hated each other. We hated each other so much that other feelings didnt get enough light. It disfigured me (Wolff 232), and I left Chinook without a thought for the years Id lived there. (Wolff 234),

Use of Rhetorical Appeals and Diction in Richard Wright’s Autobiographi

Use of Rhetorical Appeals and Diction in Richard Wrights Autobiographical Work, drab Boy In his autobiographical work, Black Boy, Richard Wright wrote about his battles with hunger, abuse, and racism in the south during the early 1900s. Wright was a gifted author with a passion for musical composition that ref apply to be squelched, even when he was a young boy. To convey his attitude toward the importance of language as a key to identity and social acceptance, Wright used rhetorical techniques such as rhetorical appeals and diction.In Black Boy, Wright used many rhetorical appeals. For example, in passage one, Wright was describing his first day on a job working for a white family. The white woman gave him stale bread and moldy molasses for breakfast and he refused to eat it. This is an appeal to emotion, or the condolence appeal. It is heartbreaking that this woman would only give Richard inedible food to eat for breakfast and then be shocked when he refused to eat it. This pass age alike makes the readers pride swell when Richard refused to eat the food. Also in the first passage the whit...